There are many different paradigms for exercise, including resistance training, depending on the end goals.

It has been supposed, that the most effective type of resistance training for fat loss would be that requiring aerobic energy use, e.g. Circuit training. Circuit training is the combination of a range of exercises carried out with light weights but with many repetitions to increase aerobic benefit. There seems to be little argument that this form of exercise would have fat burning benefits. Because it also involves muscular resistance, it could additionally provide metabolic benefits if in no other way than in reducing the loss of muscle mass that may occur through diets alone.

The main questions that remain about circuit training are the appropriate duration, intensity and frequency for optimal fat loss. Based on substrate utilisation, it would appear that the intensity should be moderate (i.e. around 40-60 per cent V02 max), and the duration as long as possible. Because many muscle groups are thought to require at least 48 hours to recover from the micro-cellular damage that results from resistance exercises, it would be inadvisable to carry out circuits, at least with high resistance, on a daily basis. Yet significant fat loss requires regular physical activity over long durations, so circuit training should be combined with other aerobic activities, such as walking, at least on every other day, but possibly also on circuit training days.

Metabolic changes due to muscle gain or maintenance might be expected to take two forms. In the first place, if there is a gain in muscle size in resistance-trained obese people, there is likely to be a gain in energy use due to this increase. Several studies have shown an increase in muscle size, or at least a maintenance of muscle mass due to resistance training in obese people, with or without energy restriction. The increased effect on energy use, however, should not be expected to be great.

The second form may be more important, i.e. the reduction in decline of metabolism that would be expected to occur with loss of total body mass due to food restriction. This can amount to between 5-25 per cent within three weeks on a program using diet alone. If this decline is arrested by resistance training, as it has been shown to do with aerobic exercise, it could have a significant impact on total fat loss. However, to date the appropriate research has not been done in this area.

It is important to point out here that because we are talking about increasing, or at least maintaining muscle mass, this is likely to be reflected in weight gain, even though there may be some fat loss. Hence, use of the scales in this instance is definitely contra-indicated. For most obese people an increase in muscle density and weight, irrespective of fat loss, indicates an increase in body size, which is not generally desired by those looking for a decrease in overall body mass. The main question becomes whether it is more time efficient to carry out long, less vigorous, continuous aerobic exercise in the time that might otherwise be used for resistance training.

In the first place, many obese or overfat people by definition have, or are likely to have, reduced muscular efficiency. They are also likely to have decreased cardiovascular function. Hence, sudden intense activity such as resistance training may be both difficult and dangerous. It would not seem prudent, therefore, to put someone on a resistance training program at the outset of any fat loss regime.

Secondly, there is the issue of motivation. Many people have become fat because of their dislike of the traditional forms of exercise which underly weight training. While they may see themselves walking for fat loss, weight training may not be seen as a preferred option. Third, as mentioned above, there is the question of body perception. Finally, frequency of exercise is important. Because resistance training should not be carried out every day (unless a routine is ‘split1 i.e. Upper body one day and lower body the next), it would be difficult to get the amount of exercise required (without becoming bored) if resistance training only was used for fat loss.

Having said this, it should be recognised that there may be some individuals, men in particular, who would prefer this type of activity instead of, or in addition to, aerobic activity. If so, they should be encouraged to combine both. Fitness centres can no longer expect to maintain their overfat clientele by programming a limited amount of exercise in the gym on alternate days. Consideration has to be given to the individual carrying out their own routines at times outside the gym setting and this should be supported and monitored by fitness centre personnel.

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Although there are major health consequences of overfatness and obesity, most people who lose body fat through organised diet and exercise plans often regain most of this within a few years; this pattern of weight cycling may continue throughout life. Weight cycling has received much attention in recent times because of reports that it may increase the risks of coronary heart disease. These reports suggest that it may be more dangerous to lose and regain fat in a period of cycles than it is to be permanently fat.

However, evidence for the dangerous effects of weight cycling may have been exaggerated. Reviews of all the research in the area have led Professor Claude Bouchard and Professor Robert Jeffries, both experts in the area of obesity, to conclude that there is no real evidence that weight cycling is more dangerous to health than not reducing body fat. The severity and frequency of cycling may be the important issue to consider here.

Myth-information. ‘Negative calories’ is a term used in some diets to suggest fat burning properties of food. There are no such things as negative calories and no fat burning’ foods.

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At age 31, Pamela Joyce Kimrey had to face facts.

Her father had died of a massive heart attack when he was just 35 years old. Pamela Joyce wondered if the same fate awaited her. After a lifetime of overeating and almost 2 decades of yo-yo dieting, she weighed 274 pounds. And she was scared.

Pamela Joyce, of Warrenville, South Carolina, traced her seemingly endless appetite to her childhood. “When I was born, I weighed a little more than 4 pounds,” she explains. “My parents left the hospital with instructions to feed me as often and as much as they could.” And they did. By the time she was in fourth grade, her weight hovered around 130 pounds.

Through high school, Pamela Joyce continued to gain. She graduated weighing close to 250 pounds, far too much for her 5-foot-2 frame. “I didn’t want to go through college overweight. I wanted to fit in,” she recalls. “So I put myself on what I considered a diet. I ate less, but I ate poorly—mostly deep-fried, sugary, and fatty foods.” Over the next year, she took off 70 pounds. “At 180 pounds, I still weighed too much for my height,” she says. “But I held steady for several years, right through my wedding in March 1987.”

As Pamela Joyce settled into married life, the pounds started | coming back. “Twenty-five pounds stuck around after I gave birth to our only child, Houston,” she says. “The rest of the weight resuited from’too many meals of fried food smothered in gravy plus thousands of calories worth of junk food and soda.” By October 1996, Pamela Joyce had reached her top weight of 1 274 pounds. “One night, I was lying in bed, feeling disgusted with myself. I started thinking about my dad, and I realized that I could die young if I didn’t take better care of myself. It was my wake-up call.”

The very next day, Pamela Joyce went to her local library and took out every nutrition, fitness, and weight-loss book that she could find. When she read them, she found three themes that came up over and over again: a low-fat diet with portion control, regular exercise, and plenty of water.

Based on the information that she had collected, Pamela Joyce put herself on a strict 1,200-calorie-a-day diet. She cut out junk food, whole milk, and butter and began grilling and baking food instead of frying it. She also invested in a kitchen scale to keep tabs on portion sizes.

Because she was accustomed to eating as much as she wanted, Pamela Joyce had to find a way to keep her stomach full throughout the day. One of her favorite tricks was to save a part of each meal for later in the day. “If my breakfast consisted of a cup of raisin bran, a half-cup of skim milk, and a banana, I’d save the banana for a mid-morning snack,” she explains. “Likewise, I’d keep half of my lunch sandwich for an afternoon snack. If I ate out, I’d have half of my entree wrapped to go before I’d even take a bite.”

This strategy helped Pamela Joyce stay within her 1,200-calorie limit without feeling hungry. Between her improved eating habits, her daily workouts (alternating aerobic exercise and

strength training), and her consumption of gallons of water a week, she managed to lose 137 pounds—exactly half of her body J£ weight—in a little more than 2 years. She’s been holding steady “» since November 1998.

“There is absolutely no way to compare the old me with the new me,” Pamela Joyce says. “I could never have imagined how wonderful I feel. I can keep up with my son and not worry about embarrassing him—except maybe when we’re inline skating in the park. Good health has become a way of life for me and my family.”

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