Normally, there are different kinds of white cells in the body, including polymorphonuclear white cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. They have different appearances and serve different purposes which, however, are related. Their main function is to help combat infection. They do this by various methods, such as making antibodies that help destroy harmful bacteria or removing them from the circulation by ingesting them. A malignant growth of white cells is called leukemia.
The types of leukemia that affect the elderly are chronic leukemias, which progress much more slowly than those that occur in younger individuals. Each type of leukemia arises from one kind of white blood cell, either polymorphonuclear or lymphocyte. Because of its slow progress, patients can have leukemia for many years without problems. The symptoms include lowered defense against infection and some weakness because of anemia. Sometimes the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes may enlarge, and bones can become painful as the illness advances. There is often a tendency to bruise and bleed easily.
Treatment is usually not necessary during early stages, but a number of medications and, occasionally, radiation therapy can successfully slow the progress of the disease later on. If the spleen becomes too enlarged and painful, it may have to be removed. After many years, the disease suddenly may progress rapidly. Although at this stage it may be difficult to treat, some forms of chemotherapy are sometimes effective.
An unusual disease of the white cells is caused by the development of a malignant growth of plasma cells. The disease, multiple myeloma, produces abnormal proteins which, although similar to antibodies, do not have the ability to combat infection. In fact, these abnormal antibodies interfere with the normal defense mechanism and make the person more susceptible to harmful bacteria.
The symptoms include anemia, weight loss and, quite frequently, bone pain. Sometimes the abnormal protein in the blood causes a blockage of blood vessels. The diagnosis usually requires a bone marrow biopsy, in addition to blood tests. There are various forms of therapy for this illness. It will often respond to treatment for a few years. Further improvement possible with newer drugs as they are developed.
Whatever the form of cancer, treatment is available to de crease its spread, relieve the symptoms, and in early stages perhaps cure it altogether. And new therapies are being discovered. It is important that you know what treatments will be used and what their possible effects will be, both negative and positive. Sometimes there is nothing more to be done, but even in the most desperate situation, it should be possible to improve the symptoms and relieve discomfort. Do not be afraid to express your fears to your physician: Tell him what you are feeling and what kind of help you would like. Communicate openly with your family so they will be comfortable with your decisions and those that they may have to make on your behalf.
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